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Ralph Townsend
Ralph Townsend (27 November 1900 – 25 January 1976) was an American author, consul and political activist noted for his opposition to the entry of the United States into World War II. Townsend was born in North Carolina and educated in New York. He served in the foreign service as a consul stationed in Canada and China from 1931 to 1933. Shortly after returning to the United States he came to prominence through his book ''Ways That Are Dark: The Truth About China'', a harsh critique of Chinese culture which became a widely controversial bestseller. Townsend became a prominent advocate of non-interventionism, and in the 1930s and 1940s was well known for his vocal opposition to the Roosevelt administration's foreign policy from a pro-Japanese and pro-neutrality point of view.
Following the US entry into World War II Townsend was arrested for acting as a Japanese agent without registering under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. He pleaded guilty, admitting that he had accepted payments before the war from a propaganda organization funded by the Japanese government, but denying that he was a Japanese agent. He received a prison sentence and while serving was involved in the Great Sedition Trial. After the war Townsend moved to Fairfax, Virginia, where he died on 25 January 1976. His writings continue to be influential in far-right circles.
==Early life, 1900–33==
Ralph Townsend was born on 27 November 1900〔The Department of State, ''Register of the Department of State Biographic Register 1932'' (Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1932), 255.〕 in Raynham, North Carolina to "one of Robeson county's oldest and most prominent families."〔"Townsend Faces Serious Charges," ''The Robesonian'', 2 February 1942, 6.〕 After graduating from Mount Hermon Preparatory School in Massachusetts,〔Martell et al., 1411.〕〔"Aged Schoolmaster Travels Over World Visiting Old 'Boys'," ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune'', 16 January 1934, 3.〕 he attended Columbia University in New York City and in 1924 received his degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.〔"Son of Robeson Man Named Vice Consul at Montreal," ''The Robesonian'', 29 January 1931, 4.〕 He worked as a journalist in San Francisco for several years before returning to New York where he taught English at Columbia University from 1927 to 1930.〔〔 On 11 November 1930 he passed the foreign service test and was posted to Montreal, Canada, as vice-consul on 20 December 1930.〔"Pass Foreign Service Test," ''The New York Times'', 12 November 1930, 48.〕〔The Department of State, ''Foreign Service List 1931'' (Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1931), 62.〕
His second assignment was to Shanghai, where he officially served as vice-consul between 10 December 1931 and 9 January 1932,〔The Department of State, ''Foreign Service List 1932'' (Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1932), 62, 79.〕〔"Seven Promoted In Foreign Service," ''The New York Times'', 17 January 1932, N2.〕 though a two-month temporary detail kept him in the city long enough to witness the Shanghai Incident firsthand.〔"Native of Robeson Well Known Author, lecturer," ''The Robesonian'', 1 February 1934, 4.〕〔"Six Indicted For Distributing Pro-Jap 'News'," ''Racine Journal Times'', 28 January 1942, 1.〕〔''The American Foreign Service Journal 9'' (Washington DC: American Foreign Service Association, 1932), 401.〕 After that he was stationed in Fuzhou up to his resignation from the service on 1 March 1933.〔〔"Consulates Will Close," ''The New York Times'', 5 February 1933, N1.〕
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